Drought and Trees: A Selected Bibliography

Kim D. Coder
Professor, Silvics/Ecology
Warnell School of Forest Resources
The University of Georgia

May, 1999

Research shows that almost 80% of the growth variability in trees and forests is associated with water availability.  Drought remains one of the most biologically damaging and ecologically limiting of all environmental constraints.  To better understand drought effects on trees, recent publications dealing with specific aspects of drought were identified and listed in scientific citation form.  These publications represent most of the English language research and application programs trying to understand and minimize drought damage.

Ameglio T, Cochard H, Picon C, Cohen M, Monet R.  1998.  Water relations and hydraulic architecture of peach trees under drought conditions.  Proceedings of the Fourth International Peach Symposium, (Bordeaux, France, 22-26 June 1997), Vol. 1. Acta Horticulturae. #465:355-361.

Abrams, M.D.  1988.  Sources of variation in osmotic potentials with  special reference to North American tree species.  Forest Science.  34 (4):10301046.

Altman, A.  Pelah, D.  Yarnitsky, O.  Tzfira, T.  Ya'ari, A.  Wang, W.X.  Shoseyov, O.  Vainstein, A.  Huttermann,  A.  Wang, S.  1996.  Towards water stresstolerant poplar and pine trees:  molecular biology, transformation and regeneration.  Somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Trees, Kluwer Academic, Netherlands.  pp. 4756.

Anfodillo T, Rento S, Carraro V, Furlanetto L, Urbinati C, Carrer M.  1998.  Tree water relations and climatic variations at the Alpine timberline:  Seasonal changes of sap flux and xylem water potential in Larix decidua, Picea abies and Pinus cembra.  Annales des Sciences Forestieres. 55:159-172.

Auge, R.M.  Stodola, A.J.W.  1989.  Analysis of water potential isotherms in two ornamental shade tree species entering winter dormancy.  Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.  114 (4):666673.

Auge RM, Duan XR, Croker JL, Witte WT, Green CD. 1998.   Foliar dehydration tolerance of twelve deciduous tree species.  Journal of Experimental Botany.  49: 753-759.

Axelsson, E.  Axelsson, B.  1986.  Changes in carbon allocation patterns in spruce and  pine trees following irrigation and fertilization.  Tree Physiology.  2 (1/3):189204.

Beerling, D.J.  Heath, J.  Woodward, F.I.  Mansfield,  T.A.  1996.  DroughtCO2 interactions in trees:   Observations and mechanisms.  The New Phytologist.  134(2):235242.

Bertrand, A.  Rostiaille, G.  Nadeau, P.  Boutin, R.  1994.  Effects of soil freezing and drought stress on  abscisic acid content of sugar maple sap and leaves.  Tree Physiology.  14(4):413425.

Borghetti M, Cinnirella S, Magnani F, Saracino A.  1998.  Impact of long term drought on xylem embolism and growth in Pinus halepensis.  Trees: Structure and Function.12:187-195.

Breda, N.  Cochard, H.  Dreyer, E.  Granier, A.  1993.  Water transfer in a mature oak stand (Quercus  petraea): seasonal evolution and effects of a severe drought.  Canadian Journal of Forest Research.  23(6):11361143.

Brodribb T, Hill, RS.  1998.  The photosynthetic drought physiology of a diverse group of southern hemisphere conifer species is correlated with minimum seasonal rainfall.  Functional Ecology. 12:465-471.

Bugmann H, Cramer, W.  1998.  Improving the behaviour of forest gap models along drought gradients.  Forest Ecology and Management. 103:247-263.

Burton AJ, Pregitzer KS, Zogg GP, Zak, DR.  1998.  Drought reduces root respiration in sugar maple forests.  Ecological Applications. 8:771-778.

Cermak, J.  Matyssek, R.  Kucera, J.  1993.  Rapid response of large, droughtstressed beech trees to irrigation.  Tree Physiology.  12(3):281290.

Chandrashekar, TR, Marattukalam, JG, Nazeer, MA .  1996.  Growth reaction of Hevea brasiliensis to heat and drought stress under dry subhumid climatic conditions.  Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research. 9:1-5.

Chen, C.W.  Tsai, W.T.  Gomez, L.E.  1994.  Modeling responses of ponderosa pine to interacting stresses of ozone and drought.  Forest Science. 40(2):267288.

Chen, SL, Wang, SS, Altman, A, Huttermann, A.  1997.  Genotypic variation in drought tolerance of poplar in relation to abscisic acid.   Tree Physiology. 17:797-803.

Cienciala, E.  Lindroth, A.  Cermak, J.  Hallgren,  J.E.  Kucera, J.  1994.  The effects of water availability on transpiration,  water potential and growth of Picea abies during a growing season.  Journal of Hydrology.  155 (1/2):5771.

Clifford, S.C.  Arndt, S.K.  Corlett, J.E.  Joshi, S.  Sankhla, N.  Popp, M.  Jones, H.G.  1998.  The role of solute accumulation, osmotic adjustment  and changes in cell wall elasticity in drought tolerance in Ziziphus  mauritiana.  Journal of Experimental Botany.  49(323):967977.

Coder, KD.  1999.  Drought damage to trees.  University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Extension publication FOR99-010.  pp.5.

Coder, KD.  1999.  Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and drought:  A selected bibliography.  University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Extension publication FOR99-011.  pp.3.

Coder, KD.  1999.  Tree selection for drought resistance.  University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Extension publication FOR99-008.  pp.3.

Coder, KD.  1999.  Water movement in trees.  University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Extension publication FOR99-007.  pp.4.

Correia, M.J.  Rodrigues, M.L.  Ferreira, M.I.  Pereira, J.S.  1997.  Diurnal change in the relationship between stomatal  conductance and abscisic acid in the xylem sap of fieldgrown peach trees.  Journal of Experimental Botany.  48(3/4):17271736.

Costa P, Bahrman N, Frigerio JM, Kremer A, Plomion C.  1998.  Water deficit responsive proteins in maritime pine.  Plant Molecular Biology. 38:587-596.

Croker, JL, Witte, WT, Auge, RM.  1998.  Stomatal sensitivity of six temperate, deciduous tree species to non-hydraulic root to shoot signalling of partial soil drying.  Journal of Experimental Botany. 49:761-774.

Davidson EA, Belk E, Boone, RD.  1998.  Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest.  Global Change Biology. 4:217-227.

Dawson, T.E.  1996.  Determining water use by trees and forests from isotopic, energy balance and transpiration analysis: The roles of  tree size and hydraulic lift.  Tree Physiology.  16(1/2):263272.

DeBolt, 1993.  Moisture stress and trees:  The hidden problems.  Virginia  Polytechnic Institute and State University Extension Division.  The Virginia Gardener  12(10):1.

Devitt, DA, Piorkowski, JM, Smith, SD, Cleverly, JR, Sala, A.  1997.  Plant water relations of Tamarix ramosissima in response to the imposition and alleviation of soil moisture stress.  Journal of Arid Environments. 36:527-540.

Devitt, DA, Sala, A, Smith, SD, Cleverly, J, Shaulis, LK, Hammett, R.  1998.  Bowen ratio estimates of evapotranspiration for Tamarix ramosissima stands on the Virgin River in southern Nevada.  Water Resources Research. 34:2407-2414.

Dreyer, E.  Photosynthesis and drought in forest trees.  1997.  Trees: Contributions to Modern Tree Physiology.  Backhuys Publishers, Netherlands.  pp.215238.

Dye, P.J.  Response of Eucalpytus grandis trees to soil water deficits.  1996.  Tree Physiology. 16 (1/2):233238.

Eastman, PAK, Rashid, A, Camm, EL.  1997.  Changes of the photosystem II activity and thylakoid proteins in spruce seedlings during water stress.  Photosynthetica. 34:201 210..

Edwards, D.R, Dixon, M.A.  1995.  Mechanisms of drought response in Thuja occidentalis  I. Water stress conditioning and osmotic adjustment.  Tree Physiology.  15(2):121127.

Edwards, D.R,  Dixon, M.A.  1995.  Mechanisms of drought response in Thuja occidentalis:  II. Postconditioning water stress and stress relief.  Tree Physiology.  15(2):129133.

Epron, D.,  Dreyer, E.  1992.  Effects of severe dehydration on leaf photosynthesis in Quercus petraea:  Photosystem II efficiency, photochemical and nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching and electrolyte leakage.  Tree Physiology.  10(3):273284.

Epron, D.,  Dreyer, E.  1993.  Longterm effects of drought on photosynthesis of  adult oak trees (Quercus petraea) and Quercus robur) in a natural stand.  The New Phytologist.  125(2):381389.

Epron, D.  Dreyer, E.  Breda, N.  1992.  Photosynthesis of oak trees (Quercus petraea) during drought under field conditions:  Diurnal course of net CO2 assimilation and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II.  Plant, Cell and Environment.  15(7):809820.

FaberLangendoen, D.,  Tester, J.R.  1993.  Oak mortality in sand savannas following drought in  eastcentral Minnesota.  Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.  120(3):248256.

Faria, T, Cerasoli, S, Garcia-Plazaola, JI, Guimaraes, MP, Abadia, A, Raschi, A, Miglietta, F, Pereira, JS, Chaves, MM.  1998.  Photochemical response to summer drought in Quercus ilex trees growing in a naturally CO2 enriched site.  Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems.  Mohren, GMJ, Kramer, K., Sabate, S editors.  (Nov. 26-29, 1996, Wageningen, Netherlands).  Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.  Forestry Sciences Volume #42:119-124.

Fensham, RJ.  1998.  The influence of cattle grazing on tree mortality after drought in savanna woodland in north Queensland.  Australian Journal of Ecology. 23:405-407.

Ferrier, R.C.  Alexander, I.J.  1991.  Internal redistribution of nitrogen in Sika spruce seedlings with partly droughted root systems.  Forest Science.  37(3):860870.

Filella, I, Llusia, J, Pinol, J, Penuelas, J.  1998.  Leaf gas exchange and fluorescence of Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus and Quercus ilex saplings in severe drought and high temperature conditions.  Environmental and Experimental Botany. 39:213-220.

Fort, C, Muller, F, Label, P, Granier, A, Dreyer, E.  1998.  Stomatal conductance, growth and root signaling in Betula pendula seedlings subjected to partial soil drying.  Tree Physiology. 18:769-776.

Fruh, T.  1997.  Simulation of water flow in the branched tree architecture.  Special issue on Functional-Structural Tree Models.   Helsinki workshop on Functional Structural Tree Models, Sept. 12-13, 1996, Helsinki, Finland).  Silva Fennica. 31:275-284.

Fusseder, A.  Wartinger, A.  Hartung, W.  Schulze,  E.D.  Heilmeier, H.  1992.  Cytokinins in the xylem sap of desertgrown almond  (Prunus dulcis) trees:   Daily courses and their possible interactions  with abscisic acid and leaf conductance.  The New Phytologist.  122(1):4552.

Garbaye, J, Churin, JL.  1997.  Growth stimulation of young oak plantations inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus with special reference to summer drought.  Forest Ecology and Management. 98:221-228.

Gebre, G.M.  Tschaplinski, T.J.  Tuskan, G.A.  Todd,  D.E.  1998.  Clonal and seasonal differences in leaf osmotic potential and organic solutes of five hybrid poplar clones grown  under field conditions.  Tree Physiology.  18(10)645652.

Gucci, R, Massai, R, Casano, S, Gravano, E, Lucchesini, M.  1998.  The effect of drought on gas exchange and water potential in leaves of seven Mediterranean woody species.  Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems.  Mohren, GMJ, Kramer, K., Sabate, S.  editors.  (Nov. 26-29, 1996, Wageningen, Netherlands).  Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.  Forestry Sciences Volume #42:225-231.

Harvey, H.P.  van den Driessche, R.  1997.  Nutrition, xylem cavitation and drought resistance in  hybrid poplar.  Tree Physiology.  17(10):647654.

Holmes, F.W.  1988.  Drought aftereffects:   How they can harm trees.  Arbor Age. 8(7)5.

Houston, D.R.  1985.  Dieback and declines of urban trees.  Journal of Arboriculture. 11(3):6572.

Ibrahim, L.  Proe, M.F.  Cameron, A.D.  1997.  Main effects of nitrogen supply and drought stress upon wholeplant carbon allocation in poplar.  Canadian Journal of Forest Research.  27(9):14131419.

Inclam, R, Alonso, R, Pujadas, M, Teres, J, Gimeno, BS, Paoletti, E.  1998.  Ozone and drought stress:   Interactive effects on gas exchange in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis).  Chemosphere.  36: 685-690.

Infante, JM, Rambal, S, Joffre, R.  1997.  Modelling transpiration in holm oak savannah:  Scaling up from the leaf to the tree scale.  Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 87:273-289.

Irvine, J, Perks, MP, Magnani, F, Grace, J .  1998.  The response of Pinus sylvestris to drought: Stomatal control of transpiration and hydraulic conductance.  Tree Physiology. 18:393-402.

Johnson, JD, Chappelka, AH, Hain, FP, Heagle, AS.  1996.  Interactive effects of air pollutants with abiotic and biotic factors in southern pine forests.  Impact of Air Pollutants on Southern Pine Forests. Springer Verlag, New York.  Ecological Studies #118:281-312.

Jose-Leiva, M, Fernandez-Ales, R.  1998.  Variability in seedling water status during drought within a Quercus ilex subsp. ballota population, and its relation to seedling morphology.  Forest Ecology and Management. 111:147-156.

Kerstiens, G.  1996.  Cuticular water permeability and its physiological  significance.  Journal of Experimental Botany.  47:18131832.

Kjelgren, R.  Rupp, L.A.  1997.  Establishment in treeshelters.  I. Shelters reduce growth, water use, and hardiness, but not drought avoidance.  HortScience 32(7):12811283.

Kotov, M.M.  Kotova, L.I.  1982.  Evaluation of the drought resistance of trees by the  reaction of the needles to drought.  Izvestiia Akademii nauk SSSR:  Seriia biologicheskaia.  6:867873.

Kronfuss, G, Polle, A, Tausz, M, Havranek, WM, Wieser, G.  1998.  Effects of ozone and mild drought stress on gas exchange, antioxidants and chloroplast pigments in current year needles of young Norway spruce (Picea abies).  Trees: Structure and Function. 12:482-489.

Kurz, C, Schmieden, U, Strobel, P, Wild, A, Paoletti, E.  1998.  The combined effect of CO2, ozone, and drought on the radical scavenging system of young oak trees (Quercus petraea): A phytotron study.  Chemosphere. 36:783-788.

LeBlanc, DC.  1998.  Interactive effects of acidic deposition, drought, and insect attack on oak populations in the midwestern United States.  Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 28:1184-1197.

Lebourgeois, F, Levy, G, Aussenac, G, Clerc, B, Willm, F.  1998.  Influence of soil drying on leaf water potential, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and growth in two black pine varieties.  Annales des Sciences Forestieres. 55:287-299.

Lesser, L.M.  1995.  Drought stress in trees: getting to the roots of the  problem.  Arbor Age.  15(6):18, 2022.

Liu, Y.  Muller, R.N.  1993.  Effect of drought and frost on radial growth of  overstory and understory stems in a deciduous forest.  American Midland Naturalist.  129(1):1925.

lo Gullo, MA, Nardini A, Salleo S, Tyree MT.  1998.  Changes in root hydraulic conductance (KR) of Olea oleaster seedlings following drought stress and irrigation.  New Phytologist. 140:25-31.

Loewenstein, N.J.  Pallardy, S.G.  1998.  Drought tolerance, xylem sap abscisic acid and stomatal conductance during soil drying: A comparison of canopy trees of three temperate deciduous angiosperms.  Tree Physiology.  18(7)431439.

Loewenstein, N.J.  Pallardy, S.G.  1998.  Drought tolerance, xylem sap abscisic acid and stomatal conductance during soil drying: A comparison of young  plants of four temperate deciduous angiosperms.  Tree Physiology.  18(7)421430.

Lohani, VK, Loganathan, GV.  1997.  An early warning system for drought management using the Palmer drought index.  Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 33:1375-1386.

Lopez, B, Sabate, S, Gracia, C, Dye, PJ.  1998.  Fine roots dynamics in a Mediterranean forest: Effects of drought and stem density.  Tree Physiology. 18:601-606.

Machado, J.L.  Tyree, M.T.  1994.  Patterns of hydraulic architecture and water  relations of two tropical canopy trees with contrasting leaf  phenologies.    Tree Physiology. 14(3):219240.

Maier-Maercker, U.  1998.  Dynamics of change in stomatal response and water status of Picea abies during a persistent drought period:   A contribution to the traditional view of plant water relations.  Tree Physiology. 18:211-222.

Marsal, J.  Girona, J.  1997.  Effects of water stress cycles on turgor maintenance  processes in pear leaves (Pyrus communis).  Tree Physiology.  17(5):327333.

Mohiuddin, M, Jarvis, PG, Russell, G.  1997.  Study on growth and stomatal response of young poplar plants subjected to partial soil drying.  Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 10:50-57.

Mulkey SS, Wright SJ.  1996.  Influence of seasonal drought on the carbon balance of tropical forest plants.  Tropical Forest Plant Ecophysiology,   Mulkey, SS,Chazdon, RL, Smith, AP.  editors.  Chapman & Hall, New York.  pp.187-216.

Nash, L.J.  Graves, W.R.  1993.  Drought and flood stress effects on plant development and leaf water relations of five taxa of trees native to bottomland habitats.  Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 118(6):845850.

Newton, R.J.  Meier, C.E.  Van Buijtenen, J.P. McKinley, C.R.  1985.  Cultural and genetic managemnt of drought stress.  Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters National  Convention. pp.215219.

Nilsen, P, Borja, I, Knutsen, H, Brean, R.  1998.  Nitrogen and drought effects on ectomycorrhizae of Norway spruce (Picea abies).  Plant and Soil. 198:179-184.

Oberhuber, W, Stumbock, M, Kofler, W.  1998.  Climate tree growth relationships of Scots pine stands (Pinus sylvestris) exposed to soil dryness.  Trees: Structure and Function. 13:19-27.

Orwig, DA, Abrams, MD.  1997.  1997.  Variation in radial growth responses to drought among species, site, and canopy strata.  Trees: Structure and Function. 11:474-484.

Osorio, J, Osorio, ML, Chaves, MM, Pereira, JS.  1998.  Water deficits are more important in delaying growth than in changing patterns of carbon allocation in Eucalyptus globulus.  Tree Physiology. 18:363-373.

Paakkonen, E, Vahala, J, Holopainen, T, Karenlampi, L, Paoletti, E.  1998.  Physiological and ultrastructural responses of birch clones exposed to ozone and drought stress.  Chemosphere. 36:679-784.

Pallardy, S.G.  Parker, W.C.  Whitehouse, D.L.  Hinckley, T.M.  Teskey, R.O.  1993.  Physiological responses to drought and drought adaptation in woody species.  Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, 1983.   Univ. MissouriColumbia, Missouri.  2:185199.

Pammenter, NW, Willigen, CV, Dye, PJ.  1997.  A mathematical and statistical analysis of the curves illustrating vulnerability of xylem to cavitation.  Tree Physiology. 18:589-593.

Pedersen, BS.  1998.  Modeling tree mortality in response to short and long term environmental stresses.  Ecological Modelling. 105:347-351.

Pedersen, BS.  1998.  The role of stress in the mortality of Midwestern oaks as indicated by growth prior to death.  Ecology. 79:79-93.

Pelah, D, Altman, A, Shoseyov, O.  1997.  Drought tolerance:  A molecular perspective.  Acta Horticulturae. #447:439-445.

Peterken, G.F.  Mountford, E.P.   1996.  Effects of drought on beech in Lady Park Wood, an  unmanaged mixed deciduous woodland.  Forestry 69(2):125136.

Ramanjulu, S, Sreenivasalu, N, Kumar, SG, Sudhakar, C.  1998.  Photosynthetic characteristics in mulberry during water stress and rewatering.  Photosynthetica. 35:259-263.

Ramanjulu, S, Sreenivasulu, N, Sudhakar, C.  1998.  Effect of water stress on photosynthesis in two mulberry genotypes with different drought tolerance.  Photosynthetica. 35:279-283.

Rathenberger, R.  1988.  Reduce drought after-effects.  Journal of Arboriculture.  14(10):260.

Rhodenbaugh, E.J.  Pallardy, S.G.   1993.  Ecophysiology of Acer saccharum trees on gladelike  sites in central Missouri.  9th Central Hardwood  Forest Conference. (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Mar. 810, 1993).  USDA-Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment  Station.  pp.7682.

Robinson, DJ, Raffa, KF.  1998.  Productivity, drought tolerance and pest status of hybrid Populus:  Tree improvement and silvicultural implications.  Biomass and Bioenergy. 14:1-20.

Saliendra, N.Z.  Sperry, J.S.  Comstock, J.P.  1995.  Influence of leaf water status on stomatal response to humidity, hydraulic conductance, and soil drought in Betula occidentalis.  Planta. 196(2):357366.

Schmadel-Hageboling HE, Engel, C, Schmitt, V, Wild, A, Paoletti, E.  1998.  The combined effects of CO2, ozone and drought on RUBISCO and nitrogen metabolism of young oak trees (Quercus petraea):  A phytotron study.  Chemosphere. 36:789-794.

Shurtleff, M.C.  1993.  Trees and drought.  Grounds Maintenance.  28(4):49, 52, 54.

Smith, W, Mohammed, GH.  1997.  Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (Hebeloma spp.) can increase drought stress resistance and improve field performance of jack pine, black spruce, and white spruce.  Forest Research Report of the Ontario Forest Research Institute. #145.

Sperry, J.S.  Ikeda, T.  1997.  Xylem cavitation in roots and stems of Douglasfir and white fir.  Tree Physiology.  17(4):275280.

Sperry, JS, Adler, FR, Campbell, GS, Comstock, JP.  1998.  Limitation of plant water use by rhizosphere and xylem conductance: Results from a model.  Plant, Cell and Environment. 21: 347-359.

Tan, WX, Blake, TJ.  1997.  Gas exchange and water relations responses to drought of fast and slow growing black spruce families.  Canadian Journal of Botany. 75:1700-1706.

Thomas, FM, Hartmann, G.  1998.  Tree rooting patterns and soil water relations of healthy and damaged stands of mature oak (Quercus robur and Quercus petraea).  Plant and Soil.  203:145-158.

Tinus, R.W.  1996.  Root growth potential as an indicator of drought stress history.  Tree Physiology.  16(9):795799.

Tognetti, R, Longobucco, A, Raschi, A.  1998.  Vulnerability of xylem to embolism in relation to plant hydraulic resistance in Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex co-occurring in a Mediterranean coppice stand in central Italy.  New Phytologist. 139:437-447.

Tschaplinski, T.J.  Tuskan, G.A.  Gebre, G.M.  Todd,  D.E.  1998.  Drought resistance of two hybrid Populus clones grown in a largescale plantation.  Tree Physiology.  18(10):653658.

Tschaplinski, TJ, Gebre, GM, Shirshac, TL.  1998.  Osmotic potential of several hardwood species as affected by manipulation of throughfall precipitation in an upland oak forest during a dry year.  Tree Physiology. 18:291-298.

Tsuda, M, Tyree, MT.  1997.  Whole plant hydraulic resistance and vulnerability segmentation in Acer saccharinum.  Tree Physiology. 17:351-357.

Tyree, M.T.  Flanagan, L.B.  Adamson, N.  1987.  Response of trees to drought.  NATO - Advanced Study Institute Series G - Ecological Sciences.  (SpringerVerlag, Berlin.)  16:201216.

van der Willigen, C.  Pammenter, N.W.  1998.  Relationship between growth and xylem hydraulic characteristics of clones of Eucalyptus spp. at contrasting sites.  Tree Physiology.  18(8/9):595600.

Wang, JR, Hawkins, CDB, Letchford, T.  1998.  Relative growth rate and biomass allocation of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) populations under different soil moisture and nutrient regimes.  Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 28:44-55.

Wang, JR, Hawkins, CDB, Letchford, T.  1998.  Photosynthesis, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of four paper birch (Betula papyrifera) populations grown under different soil moisture and nutrient regimes.  Forest Ecology and Management. 112:233-244.

White, D, Beadle, C, Worledge, D, Honeysett, J, Cherry, M.  1998.  The influence of drought on the relationship between leaf and conducting sapwood area in Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens.  Trees: Structure and Function. 12:406-414.

Wiersum, L.K.  Harmanny, K.  1983.  Changes in the waterpermeability of roots of some trees during drought stress and recovery, as related to problems of growth in urban environment.  Plant and Soil.  75(3):443448.

Wullschleger, S.D.  Hanson, P.J.  Tschaplinski, T.J.  1998.  Wholeplant water flux in understory red maple exposed to altered precipitation regimes.  Tree Physiology.  18(2):7179.

Yakushiji, H.  Morinaga, K.  Nonami, H.   1998.  Sugar accumulation and partitioning in Satsuma mandarin tree tissues and fruit in response to drought stress.  Journal of the  American Society for Horticultural Science.  123(4):719726.

Zahner, R.  Saucier, J.R.  1989.  Twentyfive years of climaterelated growth trends for natural stands of loblolly pine in central Georgia.  USDA-Forest Service General Technical Report SO74.  pp.2532.

Zotz, G, Tyree, MT, Patino, S.  1997.  Hydraulic architecture and water relations of a flood tolerant tropical tree, Annona glabra.  Tree Physiology. 17:359-365.

Zwolinski, J, South, DB, Barber, BL, Edwards, MB.  1995.  Drought and survival of loblolly pine seedlings after planting.  Eighth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, (Auburn, Alabama, Nov. 1-3, 1994).  USDA-Forest Service General Technical Report  -    Southern Research Station  #SRS-1. pp.419-423.